OUR LIFE, OUR STYLE

                       Amenorrhea ntangakeneth.blodspot.com Description Amenorrhea is the disappearance of menses in women who are at the reproductive stage. But it is common in prepubertal, postmenopausal, and pregnant woman. It also ceases in the women when they are breastfeeding. Around the age of 50, mensuration stops permanently. However, it is a health problem rather than the disease. Types of amenorrhoea There are two types: Primary and Secondary amenorrhea. Primary amenorrhea Mensuration that does not occur at the puberty stage is referred as primary amenorrhea. Primary amenorrhea can be diagnosed if a patient has normal secondary sexual characteristics, but no menarche by 16 years of age. If a patient has no secondary sexual characteristics and no menarche, primary amenorrhea can be diagnosed as early as 14 years of age. Secondary amenorrhea The cessation of menses for 3 months at any time after the menarche has occurred is referred to as secondary amen

Astigmatism ntangakeneth.blogspot.com Definition Astigmatism is the defects in the curvature of the cornea. If the curvature of the cornea and lens is mismatched, this will allow the light inside eye in different angles. This condition leads eye discomfort, headaches and blurred or fuzzy vision. History 1793-  As a student, Thomas Young discovered that he had problems with one eye. Then he did research on his vision problems. 1801-  He presented his findings in a Bakerian Lecture. Independent from Young, George Biddell Airy discovered the phenomenon of astigmatism on his own eye. 1825-  Airy presented his observations on his own eye at the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1825-  Airy produced lenses to correct his vision problems. When Airy obtained cylindrical lenses from an optician from Ipswich. The name for the condition was not given by Airy, but from William Whewell. 1860-  Astigmatism was a well-established concept in ophthalmology, and chapters in book

Ascites Definition Ascites is the enormous accumulation of fluid (pale yellow and clear fluid) in the abdominal peritoneal cavity. Fluid fills between the abdomen and the organs. This cavity is the lining between the abdominal wall and the stomach. This cavity is located below the chest cavity and it is separated by the diaphragm, the ascitic fluid is produced due to variety of disease such as cancer, liver disease, kidney failure and heart failure. Ascites History Ascites were recognised in ancient times. In 20 B.C Celsus first described the technique of paracentesis for aspirating the fluid from the peritoneal cavity by using a bronze tube with flanged collar to drain fluid. In 1827, Ludwig van Beethoven gave large volume paracenteses to one of the famous patients. whose physician wrote about his deathbed with the following description: “‘The tremendous volume of the water accumulated called for immediate relief; and I found myself compelled to advocate the abdo

Osteomyelitis Introduction Osteomyelitis is the bone infection that occurs due to the infection of bacteria in the bone. Infection is caused by the bacterium  Staphylococcus aureus  and other bacteria’s can also cause it. Germs usually infect into the body skin through open wounds and travel to the bone through the bloodstream. Sometimes it will get infected with other infected tissues of the body. Once the microbes infect the bone, the leukocytes from the body will destroy the microbial pathogens and this process release enzyme and this enzyme leads to loss of bone tissue. This reaction leads to a pus formation. Osteomyelitis Pus from damaged bone The most common bones that affected by osteomyelitis are tibia, femur, humerus, vertebra, the maxilla, and the mandibular bone. In children, osteomyelitis occurs mostly in the long bones of the lower legs and the upper arms. while in adults it affects spine bones. People who have diabetes may also get osteomyelitis in the

Avascular necrosis (AVN) Definition Avascular necrosis (AVN) is the localized death of the bone due to injury, trauma, disease or drug side effects. Necrosis generally mean for cell death. Lack of blood flow to the bone cells causes bone necrosis and lead to complete bone damage. This often happens to bone due to injury, which interrupts the blood flow to the bone. In an extreme case of AVN, it can result to collapse of particular segments of bone. When AVN affects the joints, it may rapidly develop to osteoarthritis especially in hip, knee, spine, shoulder and wrist joints. Avascular necrosis is also called as follows Osteonecrosis Aseptic necrosis Ischemic bone necrosis Bone infarction Stages of AVN Stages Clinical manifestation 0 Asymptomatic, normal radiography findings and histology point outs osteonecrosis 1 Wedged, mottled bone surface (sclerosis), core decompression, osteopenia. Abnormal histology and radiology findings. 2 Crescent-shaped su

POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE Definition PKD is the inherited kidney disease that affects the kidney and other organs. The fluid-filled sacs are developed in the kidney and that disrupts the kidney filtering function and their ability to filter waste products from the blood. The cyst formation causes the kidney to become enlarge and may lead to kidney failure. The cyst may also develop in other organs such as the liver. PKD severity and complications vary based on the cyst size. Epidemiology Autosomal-dominant PKD (ADPKD) occurs worldwide and in all races. Prevalence in the US is estimated to be between 1 in 400 (including observed and estimated autopsy cases) and 1 in 1000 (clinically diagnosed cases only). Approximately 600,000 Americans are affected by the disease, with over 2000 patients starting renal replacement therapy reported due to cystic kidney disease every year. In Copenhagen, prevalence is estimated to be 1 in 1000; however, lower figures have been reported i

heart valve disease Definition The heart valve disease is the damage in one of the heart valves such as the mitral valve, aortic, tricuspid and pulmonary. It can disrupt the blood flow to the heart by tissue flopping. The heart valves work by ensuring that blood flows in a forward direction and doesn’t back up or cause leakage. If you have a heart valve disorder, the valve isn’t able to do this job properly. This can be caused by a leakage of blood, which is called regurgitation, a narrowing of the valve opening, which is called stenosis, or a combination of regurgitation and stenosis. Your heart valve disease treatment depends on the heart valve affected and the type and severity of the valve disease. Sometimes heart valve disease requires surgery to repair or replace the heart valve. Epidemiology Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a common condition in clinical practices that are strongly connected to heart dysfunction and death. This explains the important changes in