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Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth  Definition Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is defined as the presence of excessive bacteria in the small intestine. SIBO is frequently implicated as the cause of chronic diarrhea and malabsorption. Patients with SIBO may also suffer from unintentional weight loss, nutritional deficiencies, and osteoporosis. A common misconception is that SIBO affects only a limited number of patients, such as those with an anatomic abnormality of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract or those with a motility disorder. Prevalence The prevalence of SIBO in the general population is unknown but estimated to be 0–35% in healthy individuals. Anywhere from 30% to 85% of adult patients with IBS are estimated to have SIBO, with the most current data reporting 67% as determined by duodenal aspiration and culture. Two meta-analyses have shown 3.5–9.6 fold increased odds of SIBO in patients with IBS. In the United States and Europe, one in fiv

Definition A hydrocele is a sac filled with fluid that forms around a testicle. This occurs when the fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle. Hydroceles are most common in babies and usually disappears without treatment by age 1. Older boys and adult men can develop a hydrocele due to inflammation or injury within the scrotum. Hydroceles vary greatly in size. Very large hydroceles are sometimes seen in elderly men who have never shown their swelling to a doctor. It might have been getting larger over a number of years. In most cases, hydroceles are not harmful and tend to go away on their own, without treatment, but scrotal swelling should always be evaluated by a health care provider to rule out other causes. Pathophysiology The normal testis is surrounded by a smooth protective tissue sac. You cannot normally feel this. It makes a small amount of ‘lubricating’ fluid to allow the testis to move freely. Excess fluid normally drains away into the veins in yo

Definition Hydrocephalus is a usually congenital condition in which an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the cerebral ventricles causes enlargement of the skull and compression of an injury to brain tissue. If hydrocephalus becomes progressive, a shunt is surgically placed to reduce pressure by conducting fluid away from the brain, usually to the peritoneum. Hydrocephalus is sometimes called “water on the brain.” The word “hydrocephalus” in Greek literally means “watery head.” Hydrocephalus Pathophysiology The obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space is believed to have been caused by a precious hemorrhage or infective conditions, such as meningitis. Because of this obstruction, the arachnoid starts to thicken and the return-flow channels are blocked as well. It is possible that the spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid are enlarged, with the intracranial pressure being increased. This is the normal-pressure communicating hydrocephal

Definition Degenerative disc disease is not actually a disease but a term used to describe the normal changes in your spinal discs as you age. Spinal discs are soft, compressible discs that separate the interlocking bones also known as vertebrae that make up the spine. The discs act as shock absorbers for the spine, allowing it to flex, bend, and twist. Degenerative disc disease can take place throughout the spine, but it most often occurs in the discs in the lower back lumbar region and the neck cervical region. The changes in the discs can result in back or neck pain and/or: Osteoarthritis, the breakdown of the tissue cartilage that protects and cushions joints. Herniated disc, an abnormal bulge or a breaking open of a spinal disc. Spinal stenosis, the narrowing of the spinal canal, the open space in the spine that holds the spinal cord. These conditions may put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, leading to pain and possibly affecting nerve function. Epidemiolo

Description Candidiasis is an infection caused by the microorganism called Candida albicans mostly occurs on the skin. Candida is a type of yeast or fungus, and candidiasis is called a yeast infection. There are more than 20 types of Candida and they can live in our bodies causing no problems at all. However, in warm, moist conditions the fungi can multiply and cause infections. These can range from the harmless but irritating, some of them are vaginal thrush or nappy rash and infections that spread through the entire body, especially with the weakened immune systems can be life-threatening. Adults can also have yeast infections under the breast and beneath other skin folds. Affecting areas of Candida Types of candidiasis Oral candidiasis or Esophagitis: Candidiasis that occurs in the mouth is a mycosis of Candida species present in the mucous membrane of the mouth. Vaginal candidiasis: Candidiasis in the vagina is commonly called a vaginal yeast infection or vaginal thrust

Definition Frozen shoulder is also referred to as adhesive capsulitis and is characterized by pain and loss of motion of the shoulder joint. The exact cause of frozen shoulder is unknown, even though it has been found to affect somewhere between two and five percent of people during their lifetime. Diabetes, thyroid disorder, a history of shoulder trauma, and periods of shoulder immobilization have been found to be risk factors that may lead to frozen shoulder. Females are also at higher risk. Occasionally, patients develop frozen shoulder after shoulder surgery or traumatic injury to the shoulder. Research suggests that the process is started with an inflammation of the lining of the joint within the shoulder. Gradually this area thickens and results in the shoulder becomes stiffer and more painful.             Frozen shoulder Epidemiology The prevalence of frozen shoulder is estimated to be 2 to 5 percent of the general population. The condition is most common in the fi