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Vaginal Yeast Infections (Candidiasis) According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), about 75% of women get at least one yeast infection during their lifetime and 40-45% will have two or more. Some women have many yeast infections. Women of all ages can get yeast infections. What causes yeast infections? Yeast infections are usually caused by an overgrowth of a type of fungus called Candida, also known as  yeast . Small amounts of yeast and other organisms are normally found in your vagina, as well as in your mouth and digestive tract. Yeast infections occur when the balance of organisms in your vagina is upset, and the amount of yeast grows too much, causing an infection. Yeast infections are most likely to be noticeable just before or just after your menstrual period. Some types of “yeast” infections are harder to treat and are caused by other species. Ask your health care provider (HCP) if you should be checked for the other types if your symptoms ...

Definition Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria or PNH is a rare and chronic disease that results in an abnormal breakdown of red blood cells. PNH is due to a spontaneous genetic mutation that causes red blood cells to be deficient in a protein, leaving them fragile. Because the kidneys help to filter out waste products from red cell breakdown, when urine is concentrated overnight as a person with PNH sleep, the morning urine may be reddish to a darker, cola color. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria This led to term the problem as “nocturnal.” One of the red blood cell products that the kidneys metabolize into the urine is hemoglobin. Because urine discoloration occurs irregularly due to physiological changes, the disease was thought to occur irregularly and so was termed “paroxysmal”. History The syndrome of PNH was first recognized in the second half of the nineteenth century. Paul Strübing differentiated PNH from both paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria and march hemoglobin...