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Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) Description Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a more severe complication syndrome due to staph infections. It is a systemic illness which means it affects the whole body caused by the two types of bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus  and  Streptococcus pyogenes . Usually, these bacterial species produce toxins which may not be confronted by some bodies. The reactions associated with this toxins produce symptoms in the host body. The two bacterias live without any harmless in the nose, skin, and mouth but in the case of deeper penetration, they tend to deteriorate the skin tissues and affect the organs from working properly. Pathophysiology of TSS The  Streptococcus aureus  invades the body through open wounds, the vagina, localized infections or burns, and the throat. They produce a range of protein exotoxins that are key factors for the TSS pathogenesis. Once they enter the systemic circulation and spreads to all the organs....

Encopresis Definition Encopresis is the passing of stool into the clothing. It often occurs in the children over the age of 4. It happens when the bowel movement impacts the stool to collect in the rectum and colon. When the colon becomes too full of solid stool and the retained liquid stool will leak into the clothing. The retention of stool can cause swelling of the bowels and it lose the control of bowel movements. It is the symptoms of chronic constipation or it may be due to emotional issues that result in encopresis. Encopresis Epidemiology Although few prospective studies have been conducted to examine the prevalence of encopresis in childhood, it is estimated that 1-2% of children younger than 10 years have encopresis. In a study of 482 children aged 4-17 years who were observed over a 6-month period in a primary care pediatric clinic in Iowa, 4.4% of the subjects experienced fecal incontinence at least once per week. Nearly all of the few published populati...

Diabetic neuropathy ntangakeneth.blogspot.com Description In general, the term neuropathy refers to damage to the nerves. Diabetic neuropathy is defined as the damage of nerves which occurs as a result of diabetes. Since the diabetic condition is having prolonged high blood glucose levels, nerves are much prone to damage. It affects the different locations of our body, especially nerves of ganglia, outside of the skull, spinal chord, and all those cause impacts on the organs such as heart, kidney, bladder, stomach, and intestine. Diabetic neuropathy stands as common complications of the diabetic disease. It usually affects the peripheral nerves that are in limbs and those that control automatic functions of the body are digestion and heart rate. Necrotic tissues in the foot Based on the damage locations diabetic neuropathy can be categorized as follows: Peripheral neuropathy:  Diabetic neuropathy that most commonly affects the peripheral nervous system such as i...

Tay- Sachs disease Definition Tay- Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that destroys the nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. It is caused by the deficiency of an enzyme hexosaminidase A. Thus it accumulates much fat and lipids called as gangliosides in brain and nerve cells. This leads to loss of function of the nerve cells and causes damage to the central nervous system. In infants, it occurs in the fetus early in the pregnancy and after two years the baby experiences the seizures and diminishing mental function. The affected children lose motor skills such as sitting, crawling, turning over and children usually die by age five. Tay-Sachs disease can also affect the adults and teens and thus it causes less severe symptoms and also it occurs more rarely. History In 1881 Warren Tay, a British ophthalmologist, observed a “cherry red spot” in the retina of a one-year-old child with mental and physical retardation. Later, in 1896 Bernard Sachs, an American ne...

The Bartholin glands Definition The Bartholin glands are located at either side of the opening of the vagina. When these glands are normal it can’t be seen or felt. These glands produce fluid which can act as lubrication of the vagina. Sometimes the fluids from the Bartholin glands get blocked and causes swelling called Bartholin cyst. If the fluid in the cyst is infected then it leads to the collection of pus surrounded by an inflamed tissue (Bartholin abscess).  If the cyst grows very larger, it will cause pain in the surrounding skin when you walk, sit down or sex. The cyst can sometimes affect the outer pair of labia. Bartholin Cyst Anatomy of Bartholin glands Epidemiology Two percent of women will have a Bartholin’s gland cyst at some point in their lives. They occur at a rate of 0.55 per 1000 person-years and in women aged 35–50 years at a rate of 1.21 per 1000 person-years. The incidence of Bartholin duct cysts increases with age until menopause an...