WIDAL TEST
principles of common
Latex investigations methods and reporting
Resources
Needed:
·
Flip chart,
Marker pens
·
Black/White board
and chalk
·
Handout with
different types of diagrams
·
Dispensing bottles with needles
·
Disposable test cards
·
Disposable dropper pipettes
·
Rubber teats
·
Disposable mixing sticks
·
O-Antigens
·
H-Antigens
·
Controls – positive and negative
·
Instruction manual
·
Disinfectant
·
Gloves
·
Rotator
·
Timer clock/stop watch
·
Saline, 0.85%
·
Disposal bucket
Describe
specific Immunology / Serology investigations(Diagnostic
procedures
List common specific
immunology/serology investigation
·
VDRL/RPR,
·
HBs Ag,
·
Cryptococcus serum test,
·
Widal test,
·
pregnancy test,
·
rheumatoid factor test,
·
ICT
·
ASOT
Explain the principle and
reporting of each common
immunology/serology investigations according to SOP
SIGNIFICANCE OF INVESTIGATING TYPHOID FEVER
·
To confirm diagnosis of typhoid fever
·
To determine the carrier status who has
recovered from typhoid fever.
·
Pyrexia of unknown cause(persistent high
temperature)
WIDAL TEST BY TILE METHOD,
Reagents
·
O-Antigens
·
H-Antigens
·
Controls – positive and negative
Demonstration of the widal test by
tile method according to the SOP
·
Demonstrate of
the pregnancy test according to the SOP.
Performance of the widal test by tile method(Qualitative
analysis)
- Principle
Killed salmonella suspensions
with O and H Ag reacts with corresponding Ab in the serum of the patient with
infection and shows agglutation.
· Procedure
o
Bring the test
kit reagents to room temperature.
o
Mix the reagents
before use
o
Pippette one drop of O-Ag and H-Ag on the circles on the tile or test cards.
o
Using a rubber
teat and dropper pipette, dispense 1 drop (0.05ml) of sample on one of the test
card circles labeled O and H.
o
Mix using the
applicator stick
o
Dispense the
positive and negative control sera in the same way and mix.
o
use your hands to
rotate the test card for 1 minute..
o
Read the results
macroscopically in a good light and check for agglutination.
o
Place all the
materials in the bucket marked “INCINERATION”.
NB: Each
laboratory must determine the time necessary to perform the procedure
(turnaround time).
·
Reporting results
o
Visible Agglutination
indicates presence of salmonella Antibodies. Proceed to quantitative test( tube
titration method)
o
No visible
agglutination indicates absence of salmonella antibodies. Report as negative or
non-reactive.
·
Limitations:
o
The test reagent
must be stored at 2 – 8oC and when in use place at room temperature
before use.
o
Check carefully
the expiry dates on the test kits.
·
Quality control
o
Always run
positive and negative controls when performing the test, and make sure the
control samples are reading correctly.
points for the widal test by tile method
·
Store reagents at
the correct temperature according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
·
Check carefully
the expiry dates on the test kits.
·
Check that the
catalogue numbers on the reagent containers match the numbers on the kit
procedures in the package insert.
Evaluation
QUANTITATIVE
WIDAL TEST BY TUBE METHOD
This is done to all reactive patients
sample after tile method to determine the degree of antibodies(infection)
materials
·
Disposable dropper pipettes
·
Rubber teats
·
Disposable mixing sticks
·
O-Antigens
·
H-Antigens
·
Controls – positive and negative
·
Instruction manual
·
Disinfectant
·
Test tubes
·
Incubator or water bath(370c)
·
Gloves
·
Rotator
·
Timer clock/stop watch
·
Saline, 0.85%
·
Disposal bucket
Method
1.Arrange a total of 16 test tubes, each row
8 tubes as shown below
2.Label the 2 rows as O and H
Test
Tube no.
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
Saline
(ml)
|
1.9
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
Patient
serum
|
0.1(neat)
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Mix&
transfer(ml)
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
Discard
|
Dilution
|
1:20
|
1:40
|
1:80
|
1:160
|
1:320
|
1:640
|
1:1280
|
Saline control
|
3.Add one drop of O and H antigen in to the
each of the row of test tube.
4.Mix well and incubate at 370c
for 16-20 hrs.
5.check for agglutination. Titre is the
highest dilution of the at which agglutination/flocculation is observed
Interpretation
of results
- A titre of 1:80 or more is considered significant
and rise in titre after a few days will confirm the diagnosis.
- Individuals with previous infection or with TAB
vaccine will show H positive reaction. Culture the specimen to the
diagnosis
- Chronic liver disease can also result to high O
or H more than active typhoid fever.
References:
·
Ivan M. Roitt
& Peter J.Delves ROITTS ESSENTIAL IMMUNOLOGY, 10th Edition, (2004) Replika
press Pvt.ltd ,india
·
Monica Cheesbrough
– MEDICAL LABORATORY MANUAL FOR TROPICAl Countries, part 2, Edition (2003)
Cambridge University press,international sales department.
·
Monica
Cheesbrough – MEDICAL LABORATORY MANUAL FOR TROPICAL COUNTRIES, volume 2,
Microbiology, Edition (1984) Cambridge University press.
·
Warren Levinson.
MD,PHD– Medical Microbiology & Immunology edition (2004) Mc Graw
–HillCompanies
Satish
Gupte THE SHORT TEXT BOOK FOR MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY(including parasitology) 10th
Edition, (2004) Replika press Pvt.ltd
,india
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