DIAGNOSIS OF BALANTIDIUM COLI AND PRASMODIUM SPECIES

LABARATORY DIAGNOSIS OF BALANTIDIUM COLI AND PRASMODIUM SPECIES

I: BALANTIDIUM COLI (intestinal protozoa)

      Balantidium coli is an uncommon parasite of humans. It’s common inflected pigs and has a worldwide distribution. Human inflection has been reported mainly from the central and South Africa, Papua, and other tropical areas are among those who keep pigs and use pig’s faces as fertilize.

Balantidium coli is transmitted by ingestion of inflective cysts in food or water or from hands contaminated with pig faces.

Balantidium coli has a direct life cycle similar to that of E. historical and G. lamblia except a pig , not a human is the natural host Balantidium coli causes balantidial dysentery. It is the only ciliate that can parasitize humans.   

 LABARATORY DIAGNOSIS OF BALANTIDIUM COLI

     Laboratory Diagnosis

Is the process of procedures that has been used to detect or identify organism in the human samples. Example stool samples.

Balantidium dysentery is diagnosed by finding the motile trophozoites of Balantidium coli in a fresh dysentery faccal specimen examined in the same way as described for amoebic dysentery in chronic inflection Balantidium coli cysts can be found in formed or semi-formed faces.

MATERIAL USED

·         Microscope

·         Slide

·         Cover slip

·         Applicator stick

·         Eosin

·         Iodine

·         Normal saline

·         Gloves

·         Waste containers

·         Specimen containers

Specimen used

·         Fresh dysenteric fecal specimen

Technique used

·         Wet preparation

Procedure used examination of dysenteric specimen for Balantidium coli .

1.      Take clean slass slide

2.      Place a drop of physiological saline eosin or iodine

3.      Using piece of strict (Applicator stick) place a small amount of specimen and mix well the smear

4.      Put an a cover ship and place on the examine the smear systematically. For more detail use x 40 objective for identification of trophozoite or cyst

5.      Record the finding.

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE OF BALANTIDIUM

·         Trophozoites

·         cysts

-          MORPHOLOGY OF BALANTIDIUM COLI

1.      Trophozoite

Shape: oval and covered cilia.

Nucleus: there are 2 nuclei – a large bean shaped macronucleus and a small rand micronucleus.

Cytoplasm: there are 2 contractile vacuoles and several food vacuoles

Activities: rapid revolving movement, faster than any other pathogenic protozoa.

1.      Cyst

Shape: round thick – wall non ciliated

Nucleus:  there are 2 nuclei a macronucleus and micronucleus

Cytoplasm: cysts contain contractile vacuoles, but no food vacuole

2: PLASMODIUM

Is a causative gen of human malaria in which it belongs to subphylum sporozoa, genus protozoa it include the material parasite which are plasmodium falciparun the causative agent of malignant tertian malaria, plasmodium malaria the causative agent of quartan malaria , plasmodium ovale the causative agent of being  tertian malaria plasmodium viva the causative agent of benign tertian malaria.

LABARATORY DIAGNOSIS OF PLASMODIUM

Identification of reagents, material and equipment for examination of plasmodium parasites   

-          Reagent field stain

-          Giemsa stain

FIELD STAIN

Is an aqueous (water based) romnowsky stain used for staining blood parathions. Its contain Eosin used for staining dye and azure B an ironic basic thiazine dye obtained by oxidation of methylene blue. The anionic dye stain the basic component (nucleus) of cellared and the ionic dye stain the acid components (cytoplasm) of cell blue. Therefore field stain is prepared as two separate aqueous solutions A and B field stain.

GIEMSA STAIN

 Is one of Romanowsky stains, use for staining blood preparations. Romanowsky stains contain eosin Y,an anionic acidic dye, and azure B, ionic basic thiazine dye obtained by oxidation of methylene blue. When these dyes are diluted in buffer, the anionic dye stains the basic components (nucleus) of cells red and the ionic dye stains the acid components (cytoplasm) of cell blue

MATERIAL

·         Clean tap water

·         Filter paper (what man)

·         Staining jar

·         Slide drying rack

·         Clean glass slide

·         Gloves

·         Timer

·         Cotton wool or gauze

·         Pipettes ,wooden strict or capillary tube

·         Immersion oil

·         Colored altos ,diagram and picture

Equipment

·         Microscope

·         Malaria rapid diagnostic test (MRDT) kit.

TECHNIQUE

·         Blood smear

For detection and identification of malaria parasites microscopically in blood films.

The blood smear can be made by using two preparation which are thick smear in which it help to see malaria parasites in general and thin smear which help to identify the species and morphology of the plasmodium.    

·         By using malaria rapid diagnostic test (MRDT) to detect malaria antigen.

SAMPLE USED

·         Blood

THE DIAGNOSTIC STAGE OF PLASMODIUM

·         Trophozoites

·         Schizonts

·         Gametocytes

  MORPHOLOGY

  TROPHOZOITES

·         Is small ring in heavy infection.

·         Often with double chromatin dot.

·         May lie on red cell membrane.

                            

                                                   SCHIZONTS

·         Only seen in severe infections.

·         Small with neatly arranged (up to12) merozoites.

·         Yellow brown pigment.

GAMETOCYTES

·         Small, round or oval (can be difficult to differentiate from late trophozoites).

·         Yellow brown pigment.

·         Banana shaped.